More highly creative people, it seems, tend to find a middle way, not by operating at a mid-point along a continuum, but by operating at and blending two more-extreme positions. This research reviews a growing body of evidence that highly creative people tend to operate, either simultaneously or dynamically, at extremes along continuums, where the extremes are considered at odds with one another. More recently, these results have come to be regarded as creativity paradoxes. Together, these three articles represent a strong case for recognizing creativity as a characteristic of complex adaptive systems and for continued efforts along this line of research.įor many years, creativity research had been yielding contradictory results. The model incorporates creativity as a central feature and includes continuous evolution and a feedback loop that yields increasing complexity. In the concluding chapter, the results of the three articles have been brought together and a complex adaptive systems model developed. A small number of datasets were analyzed, and the results support this prediction. A third article argued that the small-world networks associated with complex adaptive systems predict that diffusion-of-innovation patterns will be unpredictable, not normally distributed, as has been the dogma of business school texts for decades. One argued for the equivalency of creativity and emergence, a primary characteristic of complex adaptive systems, while another showed how the paradoxes identified through decades of creativity research can be explained by another characteristic of complex adaptive systems, the order-chaos dynamic. Each article established a potential link between creativity and one characteristic of complex adaptive systems. This is an articles-based dissertation, consisting of three articles that make individual contributions to an overall complexity theory of creativity. This dissertation developed the initial parts of a comprehensive complexity theory of creativity. Creativity and innovation research has been hampered by the lack of an over-arching, internally consistent theoretical framework.
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